Apoptosis; Bcl-2; Bcl-xL

Dihydrokaempferol (0.3-300 μM; 48 hours) has no significant effect on normal synoviocytes, but dependently decreases the viability of RA-FLSs. Dihydrokaempferol (3-30 μM; 48 hours) increases the percentage of apoptotic cells (including early and late apoptotic cells; ~3.8% and ~9.6%, respectively). Dihydrokaempferol (3-30 μM; 48 hours) promotes Bax and Bad expression and inhibits Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression, increases the cleaved fragments of caspase-3, caspase-9 and cleaved PARP.